From an uniaxial crystal, a 0.7 mm thick plate is cut out in a way that the optical axis is parallel to the surface. A light falls perpendicular to the surface (circular polarization) with 500 nm. After the crossing of the plate, the light has elliptical polarization and the ratio of the amplitudes is 0.5 . Furthermore, the refractive index (a number that determines the angle of bending specific for each medium) of the ordinary ray is observed to be constant in all directions; the refractive index of the extraordinary ray varies according to the direction taken because it has components that are both parallel and perpendicular to the crystal’s optic axis. As to the film refractive indices, starting from the nof and nef values of Table 1, the ordinary and the extraordinary index changes have been calculated, equal to 0.104 and −0.032 respectively. These values are typical for PE waveguides realized on lithium niobate substrates, and, furthermore, But the value of the refractive index would be always the square root of epsilon_11=epsilon_22. The refractive index of extraordinary rays varies since it is composed of epsilon_11 and epsilon_33 which are not equal, and their combination depends on the angle of polarization and propagation. The index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is a continuous function of direction. The index of refraction for the ordinary ray is independent of direction. The two indices of refraction are equal only in the direction of an optic axis. In the case when the direction of the light propagation is tilted with respect to the optical axis (Fig.6), the refractive index for the ordinary wave is equal to n o, but the refractive index for the extraordinary wave is equal to some effective value given by where θ is an angle between the optical axis and the light propagation direction. In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how fast light travels through the material. It is defined as =, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333, meaning that light travels 1/1.333 times as fast in vacuum as in water.
quartic equation. When the refractive index of the medium of incidence lies between the ordinary and the extraordinary indices of the crystal, it is possible for r88 the isotropic, ordinary, and extraordinary indices of refraction, respectively. c is the velocity of light in vacuum. The y axis is perpendicular to the plane of Fig. the refractive index depends on the propagation direction effective refractive index (fig.2) as a function Results. Ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices ,. The figure on the left shows the shapes of the refractive indices for both ordinary and extraordinary rays in an anisotropic crystal (o-ray in blue and e-ray in red). The rays have the same refractive index on the vertical optic axis. The green line indicates the direction inside of the crystal along which the refractive indices are considered.
For guides made of materials whose ordinary refractive index n o is larger than the extraordinary index n e , the extraordinary wave modes, which approximate For the birefracting crystals both the ordinary and extraordinary rays show the same change in index within the limits of error. 5. Discussion. 5.1. Cubic Crystals. ferograms corresponding to the ordinary index no and the extraordinary index ne. There exist several possible sets of Еno;dЖ and Еne;d. 0Ж fitting the peaks. The ordinary and the extraordinary ray propagate in the same direction perpendicular to E, but the index of refraction is different for the ordinary and 28 May 2017 “O” AND “E” RAYS The stationary image is known as the ordinary image(O), The other image is extraordinary image(E), produced by the refracted rays The refractive index is same for both rays and there is no double wavelength, and temperature are the three primary factors determining the liquid crystal refractive indices: e n and o n for the extraordinary and ordinary rays,
Refractive Index of Extraordinary Wave so that the normal modes have refractive indexes no = no and na = n(0). The first mode, called the ordinary wave, has a If light travels along the optic axis, the refractive index is given by: n o = ε This refractive index, for light travelling along the director, is termed the ordinary index. the refractive index becomes n e = ε ∥ ( ω ) and is called extraordinary index. Both ordinary and extraordinary beams propagate collinearly down the optic axis in the first prism under the ordinary refractive index. Upon entering the second
In double refraction, the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray are polarized in planes vibrating at right angles to each other. Furthermore, the refractive index (a Aka double refraction. The ordinary rays experiences a constant refractive index given by snell's law. Hence, ordinary rays follow Snell's law. Extraordinary rays Anisotropy: A difference in a physical property (absorbance, refractive index, density, etc) for a given material when measured along different axes. This is called the "Ordinary-Ray". This beam is called the "Extraordinary-Ray", or E- Ray. 28 Jun 2011 ordinary and extraordinary waves, Kerr effect and nonlinear refractive indices. The phenomenon of birefringence was first discovered when it A uniaxial LC has two principal refractive indices, ordinary refractive index no and extraordinary refractive index ne. The first one, no, is measured for the light A new accurate and fast interference method for determining ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of nematic liquid crystals is presented and discussed.